企業(ye)(ye)是創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)主體,不(bu)同(tong)類型的(de)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮不(bu)同(tong)的(de)職(zhi)能。《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央關于制定國民經濟和社會發(fa)(fa)展第十四個(ge)五(wu)年規劃和二(er)〇三五(wu)年遠景(jing)目標的(de)建(jian)議(yi)》提出(chu),發(fa)(fa)揮大企業(ye)(ye)引領支撐(cheng)作用,支持創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型中(zhong)小微企業(ye)(ye)成長(chang)為創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)重要(yao)發(fa)(fa)源地,加強共性技(ji)術平(ping)臺建(jian)設,推動(dong)產業(ye)(ye)鏈上(shang)中(zhong)下(xia)游、大中(zhong)小企業(ye)(ye)融通創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)。這進一步明(ming)確(que)了不(bu)同(tong)規模(mo)企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)的(de)定位,指(zhi)出(chu)了大中(zhong)小企業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)方向。
中小(xiao)微企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在促進(jin)經濟(ji)發展、保(bao)障勞動(dong)力就業(ye)(ye)、滿足生產生活需求等方面發揮著重(zhong)要作用。第(di)四次全(quan)(quan)國經濟(ji)普查結果顯示(shi),2018年末,我國共(gong)有中小(xiao)微企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法人(ren)單位1807萬家,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部規模企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法人(ren)單位的(de)(de)99.8%;吸納就業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員23300.4萬人(ren),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就業(ye)(ye)人(ren)員的(de)(de)比重(zhong)為79.4%;擁有資產總計402.6萬億元,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)77.1%;全(quan)(quan)年營業(ye)(ye)收入達到188.2萬億元,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)68.2%。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)創(chuang)新(xin)方面(mian)獨(du)具(ju)特色(se)。首先(xian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)內在(zai)動力強。由于缺(que)乏市(shi)(shi)場(chang)優勢,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)往往面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)壓力更加(jia)突(tu)出(chu),在(zai)短(duan)期經濟(ji)條件下,大量的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)緩解了(le)競爭(zheng)壓力,而隨(sui)著產品(pin)供(gong)給的(de)(de)過剩,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)通常處于充分(fen)競爭(zheng)或過度競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)環(huan)境之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),更趨向(xiang)于尋(xun)求(qiu)新(xin)的(de)(de)變(bian)化和(he)新(xin)的(de)(de)機會。其次,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對(dui)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)需(xu)求(qiu)更為(wei)敏感。一般而言,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)直(zhi)接服務市(shi)(shi)場(chang)需(xu)求(qiu),能夠更加(jia)準確(que)把握需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)特點和(he)變(bian)化,不僅(jin)能較(jiao)快地發現創(chuang)新(xin)機會,而且對(dui)于科(ke)技成果的(de)(de)現實(shi)應用有(you)更加(jia)深刻的(de)(de)認(ren)識。從技術演進(jin)的(de)(de)歷程來看,許(xu)多(duo)重要的(de)(de)創(chuang)新(xin)最初均來自中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)最先(xian)捕捉(zhuo)到創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)機遇(yu)。此外,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)具(ju)有(you)多(duo)樣(yang)性特征。多(duo)樣(yang)性是創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)重要源(yuan)泉(quan),也是良好創(chuang)新(xin)生(sheng)態的(de)(de)基(ji)本特征,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)滿足人們多(duo)樣(yang)化需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi),更易激發創(chuang)新(xin)活力。
隨著創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)不斷推進,涌現(xian)出(chu)一(yi)批創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。根(gen)據第(di)四次全國經(jing)濟(ji)普查(cha),2018年(nian)(nian)末(mo)(mo),科學研究和技(ji)術服務領域中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)達到(dao)114.1萬(wan)家,比(bi)2013年(nian)(nian)末(mo)(mo)增加(jia)81.5萬(wan)家,累(lei)計增長2.5倍;信息傳輸、軟(ruan)件和信息技(ji)術服務領域中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)91萬(wan)家,比(bi)2013年(nian)(nian)末(mo)(mo)增加(jia)69.3萬(wan)家,增長3.19倍。創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的發展(zhan)對于釋(shi)放全社會創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)潛力(li),促進新(xin)舊動能轉(zhuan)換發揮了(le)(le)(le)積(ji)極作(zuo)用。中(zhong)(zhong)國創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成長指數調(diao)查(cha)先后分(fen)三期對創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行了(le)(le)(le)調(diao)查(cha),樣本以高新(xin)技(ji)術和戰略性新(xin)興產業(ye)(ye)(ye)領域的中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為主體,區域分(fen)布涵蓋(gai)了(le)(le)(le)東中(zhong)(zhong)西部(bu)地區代表性創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)城市(shi),基(ji)本代表了(le)(le)(le)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)狀況(kuang)。2019年(nian)(nian)開展(zhan)的調(diao)查(cha)顯(xian)示,無論是專利、技(ji)術等創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)直接產出(chu),還是科技(ji)成果應用轉(zhuan)化,創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)“創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)重要發源地”的目標還存在較大(da)差距。這一(yi)方面(mian)與(yu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)周期有(you)關,另一(yi)方面(mian)也在一(yi)定程度上(shang)反映了(le)(le)(le)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)能力(li)還需要進一(yi)步(bu)提升。
中(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)不足(zu)主(zhu)要受部分客(ke)觀條(tiao)件限制。由(you)于企業(ye)規模(mo)較小(xiao),盈利能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)整體較弱(ruo),中(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企業(ye)大都缺少(shao)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)資源(yuan),創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)經費(fei)投(tou)入不足(zu),高端人(ren)才普遍短缺。調查顯(xian)示,資金和人(ren)才是制約(yue)企業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)最(zui)主(zhu)要因素。創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)具有一定的(de)(de)風(feng)險性,抗風(feng)險能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)弱(ruo)也(ye)是影響(xiang)中(zhong)小(xiao)微(wei)企業(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)重要因素。
鼓勵中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是我國(guo)(guo)創新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)著(zhu)力(li)點(dian)。近年來,我國(guo)(guo)出(chu)臺了一系(xi)列政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce),從(cong)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)孵化、財稅(shui)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)、金融政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)、創新(xin)服務、資源聚集、國(guo)(guo)際(ji)合作等多個(ge)方面給(gei)予中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相應的(de)(de)(de)支持,中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)環(huan)(huan)境得到明顯改善。中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是一項系(xi)統工(gong)程,企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)決策(ce)者(zhe)和(he)管理者(zhe)在其中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮了決定性作用,在加(jia)強創新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)支持的(de)(de)(de)同時,營造良好的(de)(de)(de)社會創新(xin)氛圍,著(zhu)力(li)培育具有創新(xin)精神、市(shi)場(chang)意(yi)識、專業(ye)(ye)(ye)知識的(de)(de)(de)創業(ye)(ye)(ye)者(zhe)和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)家(jia)隊伍,對(dui)于推動中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)具有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)意(yi)義。此外,公平競爭的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)環(huan)(huan)境也是中(zhong)(zhong)小微(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)條件(jian)。